No single constraint can explain the stagnant agricultural productivity growth in sub-Saharan Africa. Most interventions that relax individual barriers to productivity have delivered disappointing results. We evaluate an at-scale program that targets several productivity constraints with a bundled intervention, using a randomized controlled trial in western Kenya. Program participation increases maize yields by 26%, total maize output by 24%, and profits by 17%. While we cannot directly test whether the program’s success is due to its bundled nature, we find patterns in the data that are consistent with this hypothesis.

We run a randomized controlled trial coupled with lab-in-the-field social network experiments in urban Dakar. Decision spillovers and health externalities play a large role in determining uptake of the sanitation technology, with decision spillovers being largest among households that don’t receive significant subsidies. There is no evidence that the spillovers are explained by social forces in general, nor that they are explained by specific social mechanisms such as learning from others, social pressure, or reciprocity. We do find evidence of a fourth, non-social, mechanism impacting decisions: increasing health benefits. As more neighbors adopt the sanitary technology, it becomes more worthwhile for other households to adopt as well.

Privatization of a public good (the management of sewage treatment centers in Dakar, Senegal) leads to an increase in the productivity of downstream sewage dumping companies and a decrease in downstream prices of the services they provide to households. We use the universe of legal dumping of sanitation waste from May 2009 to May 2018 to show that legal dumping increased substantially following privatization–on average an increase of 74%, or an increase of about 1640 trips to treatment centers each month. This is due to increased productivity of all trucks, not just those associated with the company managing the privatized treatment centers. Household-level survey data shows that downstream prices of legal sanitary dumping decreased by 5% following privatization, and DHS data shows that diarrhea rates among children under five decreased in Dakar relative to secondary cities in Senegal following privatization with no similar effect on respiratory illness as a placebo.

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We conduct a randomized experiment with groundnut producers in Senegal to address barriers to managing food safety and complying with international quality standards. We offer a bundled contract combining credit, extension, and a price premium guarantee to encourage use of a new food safety technology. The contract is flexible regarding sales of output: while cooperatives offering the contract seek to aggregate members’ output, farmers can seize higher price opportunities when they exist. We find that producers randomly offered the contract are significantly more likely to purchase the technology, sell more output via cooperatives, and are more likely to comply with international food safety standards in areas where quality would otherwise be lower due to agro-climatic conditions. In a subsequent season, demand for the technology falls and producers revert to selling more output on the spot market when a price premium guarantee is no longer available.

I study the dynamics of household adoption of a public service in response to short-term subsidies. I exploit spatial variation in exposure to subsidies which induced consumers to use a publicly-provided matching platform for sanitation services in Dakar, Senegal. Using platform administrative data, I show that neighborhoods exposed to short-term subsidies are significantly more likely to use the platform after subsidies end, but this effect declines gradually to zero over time. Following a subsequent city-wide subsidy campaign, increased adoption re-emerges in previously-subsidized neighborhoods. I explore within-neighborhood spillovers as a mechanism and show that a substantial fraction of increased long-run adoption comes from new users.

In many contexts, farmers are both producers and consumers of food, and the returns to food safety investment are impacted by the proportion that is sold, consumed, and donated within communities. We conduct an artefactual lab-in-the-field experiment in Senegal to elicit willingness to pay (WTP) for information about food safety and randomly vary the proportions by which food products are destined for consumption, sale, and donation. We first establish that farmers are willing to pay for information on food safety, even in the absence of a market reward. Farmers are willing to pay relatively more for information when it is more relevant to their health on average than the health of others, but this difference is small in magnitude relative to the average WTP. We randomize an informative video about the specific health risk in our setting. Treated farmers exhibit increased WTP in all scenarios. Our findings suggest market rewards, information, and pro-sociality may be complementary in resolving food safety challenges when decisions are interlinked.

Research summary: PEDL Research Note
Press coverage: Le Faso • BF1 TV

Project summary: PxD blog

Research summary: PEDL Research Note